XV6800 WM6
I'm trying to sync with Outlook, but the phone keeps asking for my exchange name, password, and domain. I don't have one.

Is it possible to sync with my laptop without an exchange account?

Sure, you should be able to, not sure why it's asking for that information at all. Except, you don't need to configure anything on the phone; just plug it in to your activesync-running PC, and it'll automatically launch a config wizard to set up syncing. Could that be where you're having a problem maybe, that you're trying to set up the PC as a "server" before you plug in?